What You Need to Know About Ketamine’s Effects

A new application for an old drug: How does ketamine battle depression?

According to the researchers from three Canadian universities, a group of proteins known as 4E-BPs, involved in memory formation, is the key to unlocking the antidepressant effect of ketamine in the brain. The discovery could lead to more acceptable and safer treatments for specific patients suffering from major depression.

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It is challenging to find an effective treatment for the major depressive disorder because more than 30% of patients are resistant to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), the most commonly-prescribed antidepressants.

Initially, researchers approved ketamine for anesthesia and pain relief. Following its discovery, researchers have been studying new uses for this drug, and ketamine was approved last year for patients suffering from major depression who are treatment-resistant. Ketamine works within hours, unlike standard antidepressants, which can take several weeks to show an effect. Until now, the information about the molecular mechanism that triggers the antidepressant effect of ketamine on the brain was minimal.

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A study published in Nature by researchers from McGill University, Université de Montréal, and Carleton University studied the effect of ketamine on response and neuronal activity in mice. Using genetic tools to remove proteins from specific brain cells, the team found that when 4E-BPs are absent in the brain, particularly in neurons, ketamine cannot produce its antidepressant effect. 4E-BPs works as a switch to turn on or off the process of protein synthesis—an indispensable component of memory formation.